Articles and Chapters
2021-09-13
Journal Articles
1. Suante, Kamtungtuang & Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Researching Shapes and Forms of Shadow Education: Methodological Challenges and Complexities of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Myanmar’. ECNU Review of Education. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/20965311231167194
2. Bray, Mark & Hajar, Anas (2023): ‘Complexity of the Contexts: Features of Private Tutoring and Units for Comparison in the GCC Countries of the Middle East’. ECNU Review of Education. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20965311221113350
3. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Understanding Private Supplementary Tutoring: Metaphors, Diversities and Agendas for Shadow Education Research’. Journal for the Study of Education and Development. English and Spanish: https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2023.2194792 Chinese: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371452047_lijiekewaibuxiyingzijiaoyuyanjiudeduozhongbiyuduoyangtezhengyuweilaiyiti
4. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Geographies of Shadow Education: Patterns and Forces in the Spatial Distributions of Private Supplementary Tutoring’. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Vol.53, No.3, pp.343-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1915749
5. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei (2023): ‘Cross-Border Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Global Education Industry’. Revista Española de Educación Comparada, Vol.42, pp.28-43. https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/REEC/article/view/34275
6. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Timescapes of Shadow Education: Patterns and Forces in the Temporal Features of Private Supplementary Tutoring’. Globalisation, Societies and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2143330
7. Suante, Kamtungtuang & Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Displacing the Schools: Default Privatisation and ‘School-less’ Arrangements for Shadow Education in Myanmar’. Asia Pacific Journal of Education. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02188791.2022.2122022
8. Bray, Mark & Ventura, Alexandre (2022): ‘Multiple Systems, Multiple Shadows: Diversity of Supplementary Tutoring Received by Private-School Students in Dubai’. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.92, pp.1-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738059322000748
9. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Teachers as Tutors, and Tutors as Teachers: Blurring Professional Boundaries in Changing Eras’. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, Vol.28, No.1, pp.64-77. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13540602.2021.2019700?journalCode=ctat20 Online
10. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Responsibilised Parents and Shadow Education: Managing the Precarious Environment in China’. British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.43, No.6, pp.878-897. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01425692.2022.2072810
11. Bray, Mark (2021): ‘Geographies of Shadow Education: Patterns and Forces in the Spatial Distributions of Private Supplementary Tutoring’. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, DOI: 10.1080/03057925.2021.1915749
12. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2021): ‘A Changing Environment of Urban Education: Historical and Spatial Analysis of Private Supplementary Tutoring in China’. Environment and Urbanization, Vol.33, No.1, pp.43-62.
13. Gordon Győri, János & Bray, Mark (2021): ‘Learning from Each Other: Expanding and Deepening International Research on Shadow Education’. Hungarian Educational Research Journal HERJ., Vol.11. pp.79-88
14. Bray, Mark (2021). 'Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications'. ECNU Review of Education. Vol.4 https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531119890142
15. Bray, Mark (2021). 'Swimming against the tide Comparative lessons from government efforts to prohibit private supplementary tutoring delivered by regular teachers'. Hungarian Educational Research Journal HERJ. Vol.11, No.2, pp.168-188.
16. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Private Subtractory Tutoring: The Negative Impact of Shadow Education on Public Schooling in Myanmar’. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.76, pp.1-8
17. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 322-341.
18. 张薇，马克.贝磊，姜文峰 (2020).影子教育比较研究的历史回顾与未来展望. 华东师范大学学报(教育科学版). 38(11), pp. 21-38
19. Ghosh, Pubali & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘School systems as breeding grounds for shadow education: Factors contributing to private supplementary tutoring in West Bengal, India’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 342-360.
20. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Accountability and (mis)trust in education systems: Private supplementary tutoring and the ineffectiveness of regulation in Myanmar’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 361-375.
21. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; & Suter, Larry E. (2020). 'The challenges of measuring outside-school-time educational activities: Experiences and lessons from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)'. Comparative Education Review, Vol.64, No.1, pp.87-106.
22. 马克·贝磊(2020)，欧洲地区影子教育研究:发展态势、动因及政策启示,全球教育展望,49(02)，pp.35-61.
23. Bray, Mark (2020): ‘Les systèmes éducatifs formels ont-ils un avenir?’[‘Formal Education Systems: Do They have a Future?’]. Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres, No.83, pp123-129.https://liseo.france-education-international.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=46018
24. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). 'Evolving Micro-level Processes of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Patterns and Implications at Primary and Lower Secondary Levels in China'. Educational Studies, Vol.46, No.2, pp. 170-187. DOI 10.1080/03055698.2018.1555452.
25. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei (2019): ‘Une privatisation par défaut : Expansion et enjeux du soutien scolaire privé en Asie’ [‘Privatisation by Default: The Expansion and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Asia’], Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres, No.82, pp.102-112. https://liseo.france-education-international.fr/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=45188
26. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2019): ‘Mapping and Analyzing Private Supplementary Tutoring: Approaches and Themes’, ECNU Review of Education, Vol.2, No.1, pp.3-6. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2096531119840865
27. Ghosh, Pubali, & Bray, Mark (2018).'Credentialism and Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: A Comparative Study of Students Following Two Examination Boards in India'. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development,Vol.20, No.1, pp.33-50.
28. Bhorkar, Shalini & Bray, Mark (2018).'The Expansion and Roles of Private Tutoring in India: From Supplementation to Supplantation'. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.62, pp.148-156.
29. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; Zhang, Wei; & Liu, Junyan (2018). 'The Hidden Curriculum in a Hidden Marketplace: Relationships and Values in Cambodia’s Shadow Education System'. Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol.50, No.4, pp.435-455.
30. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei. (2018). 'Public-Private Partnerships in Supplementary Education: Sharing Experiences in East Asian Contexts'. International Journal for Research on Extended Education, Vol.6, No.1, pp.98-107.
31. Mahmud, Rafsan, & Bray, Mark (2017). 'School factors Underlying Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in English: Urban and Rural Variations in Bangladesh'. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.37, No.3, pp.299-309.
32. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2018): 'Equalising Schooling, Unequalising Private Supplementary Tutoring: Access and Tracking through Shadow Education in China'. Oxford Review of Education, Vol.44, No.2, pp.221-238.
33. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2017): 'Micro-neoliberalism in China: Public-Private Interactions at the Confluence of Mainstream and Shadow Education', Journal of Educational Policy, Vol.32, No.1, pp.63-81.
34. Bray, Mark (2017): 'Schooling and Its Supplements: Changing Global Patterns and Implications for Comparative Education'. Comparative Education Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 469-491. Click here for the video of CIES 2017 Presidential Address.
35. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2017): ‘Determinants of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in China: Findings from a National Survey’, Education Economics, Vol.25, No.2, pp.205-218.
36. Wang, Dan & Bray, Mark (2016): ‘When Whole-Person Development Encounters Social Stratification: Teachers’ Ambivalent Attitudes toward Private Supplementary Tutoring in Hong Kong’, Asia Pacific Education Researcher, Vol.25, No.5-6, pp.873-881.
37. Bray, Mark; Liu, Junyan; Zhang, Wei & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2016): ‘Confiance, défiance et (abus d’) autorité dans l’éducation au Cambodge: Leçons tirées de l’école de l’ombre’, Revue Internationale d’Éducation - Sèvres, No.72. pp.125-136.
38. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; Liu, Junyan & Zhang, Wei (2016): 'The Internal Dynamics of Privatised Public Education: Fee-charging Supplementary Tutoring Provided by Teachers in Cambodia'. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 49, pp. 291-299.
39. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘La confiance en jeu et la croissance de l’éducation de l’ombre. Études de cas : Inde, Malaisie, Taïwan’. Revue International d’Éducation Sèvres. No.68, pp.81-92.
40. 马克.贝磊，刘钧燕（2015）.课外补习研究：问题与方法.北京大学教育评论，13(03),pp.1-16
41. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2015): ‘Evolving Ecosystems in Education: The Nature and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Hong Kong’. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.45, No.4, pp.465-481.
42. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2015): 'Shadow Education in Chongqing, China: Factors underlying Demand and Policy Implications'. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 83-106.
43. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2014): 'Measurement Issues in Research on Shadow Education: Challenges and Pitfalls Encountered in TIMSS and PISA'. Comparative Education Review, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 590-620.
44. Kwo, Ora & Bray, Mark (2014): 'Understanding the nexus between mainstream schooling and private supplementary tutoring: patterns and voices of Hong Kong secondary students'. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 403-416.
45. Bray, Mark (2014): 'The impact of shadow education on student academic achievement: Why the research is inconclusive and what can be done about it'. Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 381-389.
46. Chan, Claudia & Bray, Mark (2014): 'Marketised private tutoring as a supplement to regular schooling: Liberal Studies and the shadow sector in Hong Kong secondary education'. Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 361-388.
47. Zhan, Shengli; Bray, Mark; Wang, Dan; Lykins, Chad & Kwo, Ora (2014): 'The Effectiveness of Private Tutoring: Students' Perceptions in Comparison with Mainstream Schooling in Hong Kong'. Asia Pacific Education Review, in press.
48. Bray, Mark; Zhan, Shengli; Lykins, Chad; Wang, Dan & Kwo, Ora (2014): 'Differentiated Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Patterns and Implications in Hong Kong Secondary Education'. Economics of Education Review, Vol.38, No.1, pp.24-37.
49. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2013): 'Behind the Façade of Fee-Free Education: Shadow Education and its Implications for Social Justice'. Oxford Review of Education, Vol.39, No.4, pp.480-497.
50. Bray, Mark (2013): 'L'éducation parallèle: Nature et implications du tutorat extrascolaire privé en Europe'. Revue Internationale d'Éducation – Sèvres, No.66, pp.89-98.
51. Bray, Mark (2013): 'Benefits and Tensions of Shadow Education: Comparative Perspectives on the Roles and Impact of Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Lives of Hong Kong Students'. Journal of International and Comparative Education, Vol.2, No.1, pp.18-30.
52. Bray, Mark (2010): 'Researching Shadow Education: Methodological Challenges and Directions', Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol.11, No.1, pp.3-13.
53. Bray, Mark (2006): 'Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications', Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.36, No.4, pp.515-530.
54. Bray, Mark & Kwok, Percy (2003): 'Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Conceptual Considerations, and Socio-Economic Patterns in Hong Kong'. Economics of Education Review, Vol.22, No.6, pp.611-620.
55. Bray, Mark (2001): 'Out-of-School Supplementary Tutoring', Childhood Education: Infancy through Early Adolescence, Vol.77, No.6, pp.360-366.
Book Chapters
1. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Control of Education: Issues and Tensions in Centralization and Decentralization’, in Carlos A. Torres, Robert F. Arnove & Lauren Ila Misiaszek (eds.), Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, fifth edition, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.221-242.
2. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Shadow Education’, in Tierney, Robert; Rizvi, Fazal; & Ercikan, Kadriye (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Elsevier, pp.346-351.
3. Mizala, A., Christensen, S., Verger, A., Bray, M., Zhang, W., Sarangapani, P.M., Yonezawa, A. and Ogunniran, M.O. (2022) ‘Political Economy of Education: Implications for Efficiency, Equity, and Social Justice’, in Vickers, E.A., Pugh, K. and Gupta, L. (eds.), Education and Context in Reimagining Education: The International Science and Evidence based Education Assessment [Duraiappah, A.K., Atteveldt, N.M. van et al. (eds.)]. New Delhi: UNESCO MGIEP, pp.166-254. https://mgiep.unesco.org/iseeareport
4. Bray M. (2022) .Shadow Education in Asia and the Pacific: Features and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring. In: Lee W.O., Brown P., Goodwin A.L., Green A. (eds) International Handbook on Education Development in Asia-Pacific. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_10-1
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5. Bray, Mark (2021): ‘Shadow Education’, in Tierney, Robert; Rizvi, Fazal; Ercikan, Kadriye & Smith, Graham (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Elsevier (in press).
6. Bray, Mark (2020): ‘Shadow Education: Scale, Drivers and Future Directions in the Global Spread of Private Supplementary Tutoring’, in Humanist Futures of Learning: Perspectives from UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks. Paris: UNESCO, pp.100-104. Also in French: ‘À l’ombre du système éducatif : facteurs et orientations futures de l’offre mondiale de soutien scolaire privé’, in Les futurs humanistes de l’apprentissage : Perspectives des Chaires UNESCO et des Réseaux UNITWIN, Paris : UNESCO, pp.111-116. 中文译稿: 影子教育：私立补习全球扩散背景下的规模、动力和未来走向https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/0146kzd_TCI1V24JYg9wCw
7. Bray, Mark; Liu, Junyan; Zhang, Wei & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2019): ‘(Mis-)Trust and (Abuse of) Authority in Cambodian Education: Parallel Lessons in the Shadow’ in Schüpbach, Marianne & Lilla, Nanine (eds.), Extended Education from an International Comparative Point of View. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.7-21.
8. Feng, Siyuan & Bray, Mark (2019): 'Outside-School-Time Activities and Shadow Education', in Suter, Larry E.; Smith, Emma & Denman Brian (eds.), SAGE Handbook of Comparative Studies in Education. Los Angeles, SAGE pp.357-371.
9.H. (eds.), Making Sense of Education in Post-Handover Hong Kong: Achievements and Challenges. London: Routledge, pp.95-111.
10. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2017): ‘Understanding Shadow Education from the Perspective of Economics of Education’, in Johnes, Geraint; Johnes, Jill; Agasisti, Tommaso & López-Torres, Laura (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Education. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp.398-415
11. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2016): 'Shadow Education: The Rise and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring', in Guo, Shibao & Guo, Yan (eds.), Spotlight on China: Changes in Education under China’s Market Economy (Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp.85-99
12. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘Symbiosis which Complements, or Parasitism which Weakens? International Perspectives on Relationships between Shadow Education and Schooling’, in Kodakos, Anastassios & Kalavasis, Fragiskos (eds.), Shadow Education System: Border Management Models of the School with the Structures of Education Market. Athens: Diadrasi, pp.109-141 (in both English and Greek).
13. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘Exacerbating or Reducing Disparities? The Global Expansion of Shadow Education and Implications for the Teaching Profession’, in Ono, Yumiko (ed.), Challenging Disparities in Education, 59th Yearbook of Teacher Education. Naruto: Naruto University of Education for the International Council on Education for Teaching (ICET), pp.14-29.
14. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2015): ‘Designing and Implementing Mixed Approaches to Shadow Education Research: Experiences and Lessons in Hong Kong’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.149-178.
15. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2015): ‘Organisational and Cross-Cultural Issues: Learning from Research Approaches’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.261-288.
16. Bray, Mark; Zhang, Wei; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa & Liu, Junyan (2015): ‘Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring in Cambodia: Contexts, Instruments and Approaches’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.219-244.
17. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Nutsa (2014): 'The Global Spread of Shadow Education: Supporting or Undermining Qualities of Education?', in Napier, Diane Brook; Acedo, Clementina & Pitman, Allan (eds.), Qualities of Education in a Globalized World. Rotterdam: Sense, pp.185-200.
18. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2013): 'Researching Supplementary Education: Plans, Realities, and Lessons from Fieldwork in China', Aurini, Janice; Davies, Scott & Dierkes, Julian (ed.), Out of the Shadows: The Global Intensification of Supplementary Education. Bingley: Emerald, pp.67-94.
19. Bray, Mark (2013): 'Shadow Education: The Rise of Private Tutoring and Associated Corruption Risks', in Transparency International (ed.), Global Corruption Report: Education. London: Routledge, pp.83-87.
20. Mazawi, André E., Sultana, Ronald G. & Bray, Mark (2013): 'Beyond Shadows: Equity, Diversity, and Private Tutoring, inBray, Mark; Mazawi, André & Sultana, Ronald (eds.), Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics, and Implications for Learning and Equity. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp.205-216.
21. Bray, Mark & Silova, Iveta (2006): 'The Private Tutoring Phenomenon: International Patterns and Perspectives', in Silova, Iveta; Budiene, Virginija & Bray, Mark (eds.): Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, pp.27-40.