11. New scalar politics: implications for education policy
Author: Lingard, Bob; Rawolle, Shaun
Source: Comparative Education, 2011, 47(4): 489-502
Abstract: This paper argues that globalisation has implications for research and theory in the
social sciences, demanding that the social no longer be seen as homologous with nation, but
also linked to postnational or global fields. This situation has theoretical and methodological
implications for comparative education specifically focused on education policy, which
traditionally has taken the nation-state as the unit of analysis, and also worked with
'methodological nationalism'. The paper argues that globalisation has witnessed a rescaling
of educational politics and policymaking and relocated some political authority to an emergent
global education policy field, with implications for the functioning of national political authority
and national education policy fields. This rescaling and this reworking of political authority
are illustrated through two cases: the first is concerned with the impact of a globalised policy
discourse of the 'knowledge economy' proselytised by the OECD and its impact in Australian
policy developments; the second is concerned explicitly with the constitution of a global
education policy field as a commensurate space of equivalence, as evidenced in the OECD' s
PISA and educational indicators work and their increasing global coverage. The paper
indicatively utilises Bourdieu’s ‘thinking tools’ to understand the emergent global
education policy field and suggests these are very useful for doing comparative education
policy analysis.
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12. Student Teaching for a Specialized View of Professional Practice? Opportunities to
Learn in and for Urban, High-Needs Schools
Author: Anderson, Lauren; Stillman, Jamy
Source: Journal of Teacher Education, 2011, 62(5): 446-464
Abstract: This article presents findings from a qualitative study of first-year elementary
teachers who assessed the strengths and weaknesses of their preservice student teaching
experiences vis-à-vis their inservice realities. Specifically, the study explores opportunities
to learn across student teaching placements and analyzes the degree to which placements
present participants with equitable opportunities to build a specialized view of professional
practice—one that can support them to enact in urban, high-needs schools the kind of
practices that research suggests are crucial to the academic success of historically
underserved students. Findings highlight the importance of providing preservice teachers
with examples of "what' s possible" in the face of tightly regulated, accountability-driven
policies. The authors conclude with suggestions for teacher educators concerning the
reorganization of student teaching and the strategic mediation of preservice teachers'
learning to ensure that all preservice teachers receive equitable opportunities to learn in and
through their placements in the field.
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13. The Kalamazoo Promise and Perceived Changes in Teacher Beliefs, Expectations, and
Behaviors
Author: Jones, Jeffrey N. ; Mirona, Gary ; Kelaher-Younga, Allison J.
Source: The Journal of Educational Research, 2012, 105(1): 36-51
Abstract: High teacher expectations are an essential component of quality education and are
known to lead to positive outcomes for students. The authors examined perceived changes in
teacher beliefs, expectations, and behaviors that result from the introduction of the Kalamazoo
Promise, a universal postsecondary scholarship program. These perceptions were accessed
through interpretive interviews with principals, counselors, teachers, and through interviews
and surveys with students in the school district. Educators and students reported marked
improvements in teacher attitudes and behaviors since the announcement of the Kalamazoo
Promise. The authors discuss the implications of research findings and the potential of this
scholarship program as a catalyst for systemic change in the district.
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14. Curriculum debate and policy change
Author: Elgström, Ole; Hellstenius, Mats
Source: Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2011,43(6): 717-738
Abstract: This article investigates the underlying themes and principles that inform curriculum
debate and how they are articulated in current school policy discussions. This topic is
approached with the help of a case study covering the debate on which subjects should be
mandatory for students at the upper secondary school curriculum in Sweden. The focus is on
the arguments for and against the inclusion of History among these core subjects. The aim is
to order and structure this debate and to link the arguments found to basic underlying
principles. Why was History considered important or unimportant? What arguments are found
about the best way to teach History? This study employs a 4-fold distinction which
distinguishes between perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and reconstructivism as
four schools of thought, each outlining its own particular view on what kind of knowledge is
important and how such knowledge should be taught. One major finding is that two of the
schools—progressivism and essentialism—completely dominate the debates under study.
There existed a major fault line between those who emphasized the instrumental value of
History as a tool for fostering good citizens, and those who considered History part of essential
general knowledge about society.
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15. An Experimental Study of the Effects of Monetary Incentives on Performance on the
12th-Grade NAEP Reading Assessment
Author: Braun, Henry; Kirsch, Irwin; Yamamoto, Kentaro
Source: Teachers College Record , 2011, 113(11): 2309-2344
Abstract: Background/context: The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is
the only comparative assessment of academic competencies regularly administered to
nationally representative samples of students enrolled in Grades 4, 8, and 12. Because NAEP
is a low-stakes assessment, there are long-standing questions about the level of
engagement and effort of the 12th graders who participate in the assessment and,
consequently, about the validity of the reported results. Purpose/Focus: This study
investigated the effects of monetary incentives on the performance of 12th graders on a
reading assessment closely modeled on the NAEP reading test in order to evaluate the
likelihood that scores obtained at regular administrations underestimate student capabilities.
Population: The study assessed more than 2,600 students in a convenience sample of 59
schools in seven states. The schools are heterogeneous with respect to demographics and
type of location. Intervention: There were three conditions: a control and two incentive
interventions.For the fixed incentive, students were offered $20 at the start of the session. For
the contingent incentive, students were offered $5 in advance and $15 for correct responses to
each of two randomly chosen questions, for a maximum payout of $35. All students were
administered one of eight booklets comprising two reading blocks (a passage with
associated questions) and a background questionnaire. All reading blocks were operational
blocks released by NAEP. Research Design: This was a randomized controlled field trial.
Students agreed to participate without knowing that monetary incentives would be offered.
Random allocation to condition was conducted independently in each school. Data
Collection/Analysis: Regular NAEP contractors administered the assessments and carried
out preliminary data processing. Scaling of results and linking to the NAEP reporting scale
were conducted using standard NAEP procedures. Findings: Monetary incentives have a
statistically significant and substantively important impact on both student engagement/effort
and performance overall, and for most subgroups defined by gender, race, and background
characteristics. For both males and females, the effect of the contingent incentive was more
than 5 NAEP score points, corresponding to one quarter of the difference in the average
scores between Grades 8 and 12. In general, the effect of the contingent incentive was larger
than that of the fixed incentive, particularly for lower scoring subgroups. Conclusions/
Recommendations: There is now credible evidence that NAEP may both underestimate the
reading abilities of students enrolled in 12th grade and yield biased estimates of certain
achievement gaps. Responsible officials should take this into account as they plan changes
to the NAEP reading framework and expand the scope of the 12th-grade assessment survey.
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16. Towards 'thick description' of educational transfer: understanding a Japanese
institution's 'import' of European language policy
Author: Rappleye, Jeremy; Imoto, Yuki; Horiguchi,Sachiko
Source: Comparative Education, 2011, 47(4): 411-432
Abstract: Globalisation and convergence in educational policy worldwide has reinvigorated,
while rendering more complex, the classic theme of educational transfer. Framed by this wider
pursuit of new understandings of a changing transfer/context puzzle, this paper explores how
an ethnographic 'thick description' might complement and extend recent research.Specifically,
it relates findings from extended ethnographic work on an attempt by a prominent Japanese
university to 'import' the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of Reference for
Languages (CEFR). This rare case of explicit ‘borrowing’ from a supranational space
directly to the domestic institutional level, when approached in such a way, suggests new
insights to help the field refine understandings of the processes, 'hape-shifting', and
'success' of international policy migration.
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17. Structuralism’s relevance in a post-structural era: Re-visiting research on multicultural curricular studies Author: Shim, Jenna Min Source: Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2011, 43(6): 739-758
Abstract: At the current historical juncture in which differences and inequalities are surfacing
greater than ever in the world, societies, and schools, the main goal of this essay is to revisit
the aspects of structuralism that can potentially contribute productively to understanding the
invisible structures and forces that everyone carries (mostly unknowingly) with them at all
times and in all places including in multicultural curricular and social justice work. By doing so,
this essay also attempts to dispute with liberal humanistic notions of the self (teachers and
students) in multicultural curricular studies that continues to support the dominant framework
of curriculum. This essay is grounded on the idea that progressive change is predicated on
(although never guaranteed by) uncovering and understanding as fully as possible the social,
political, and economic organization of the world, which is always mediated by individual
selves who are located within the world in specific ways.
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18. Management, skills and creativity: the purpose and value of instrumental reasoning in
education discourse
Author: Gibson, Howard
Source: Oxford Review of Education, 2011, 37(6): 699-719
Abstract: Reason is a heterogeneous word with many meanings and functions. Instrumental
reasoning is the 'useful but blind' variant that, for Horkheimer, presupposes 'the adequacy of
procedures for purposes more or less taken for granted and supposedly self-explanatory'.
The paper argues that the root of instrumental reasoning is to be found in Hume and Weber
and suggests that the problems associated with portraying reason as 'inert' or 'formal'
underpin many areas of education policy today. A scrutiny of discourses on managerialism,
skills and creativity suggests that they are not only bound by instrumental reasoning but tied to
unacknowledged purposes associated with what Marcuse called 'capitalist rationality'. The
paper concludes by reflecting upon Habermas’ notion of substantive reasoning that offers
education a way forward.
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19. The Measurement and Predictive Ability of Metacognition in Middle School Learners
Author: Sperling, Rayne A.; Richmond, Aaron S.; Ramsay, Crystal M.; Klapp, Michael
Source: The Journal of Educational Research, 2012,105(1):1-7
Abstract: The authors examined relations among components of metacognition from varying
theoretical perspectives, explored the psychometric characteristics of known measures of
metacognition, and examined the predictive strength of measures of metacognition for both
science and overall academic achievement in 97 seventh-grade students. Findings indicated
expected significant correlations between 2 measures of metacognition, the Junior
Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Sperling, Howard, Miller, & Murphy, 2002) and an open-
ended version of Swanson's (1990) metacognition measure and a significant correlation
between the Swanson measure and general science teacher ratings of students'
metacognition. Student measures demonstrated sound psychometric properties and both
were significant predictors of science achievement. Additional analyses, recommendations for
future research, and suggestions for practitioners and educators interested in measuring and
promoting metacognition are provided.
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20. Science Teacher Learning Progressions: A Review of Science Teachers’ Pedagogical
Content Knowledge Development
Author: Schneider, Rebecca M.; Plasman, Kellie
Source:Review of Educational Research, 2011,81(3): 530-565
Abstract: Learning progressions are the successively more sophisticated ways of thinking
about an idea that follow one another over a broad span of time. This review examines the
research on science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in order to refine ideas
about science teacher learning progressions and how to support them. Research published
between 1986 and 2010 relevant to science teacher learning and PCK was examined for what
ways teachers’ knowledge becomes more developed and what appears to be the sequence.
Analysis indicates that it is helpful for teachers to think about learners first, then to focus on
teaching, and points out the essential role of reflection for teachers to rearrange their ideas in
ways that develop their PCK. This review takes a unique approach to thinking about research
on what science teachers learn and can support teacher educators in designing professional
programs that support beginning and advanced learning for science teachers.
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