1. Competence-Based Teacher Education: A Change from "Didaktik" to Curriculum Culture?
Author: Pantic, Natasa; Wubbels, Theo
Source: Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2012, 44(4): 61-87
Abstract: This paper explores the substance of competence-driven changes in teacher education curricula by testing the possibility of using a framework distinguishing between the German pedagogical culture of "Didaktik" and the Anglo-Saxon Curriculum culture to describe the substance of these changes. Data about the perceptions of competence-driven changes in teacher education curricula has been collected in 30 in-depth interviews with teacher educators, student teachers, and their school mentors in Serbia, and analysed with the help of qualitative data processing software. The coding procedures involved classification of utterances into five groups relating to the perceptions of (1) teacher evaluation, (2) teacher competence in subject matter, pedagogy, and curriculum, (3) understanding of the education system and contribution to its development, (4) teacher competences in dealing with values and child-rearing, and (5) changes in teacher education curricula related to these groups of competence. The perceptions in each group of utterances were interpreted in terms of their alliance with "Didaktik" or Curriculum cultures. The findings indicate that the framework cannot be used as a continuum since the utterances aligned with the two cultures co-exist in the individual responses, but could be useful as a reflection tool in teacher education curricula.
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2. Using Institutional Structures to Promote Educational Equity: A Tale of Two Schools
Author:Ippolito, John; Schecter, Sandra R.
Source: Elementary School Journal, 2012, 112(4):607-626
Abstract: This article traces diverging trajectories in a situated, participatory research project in 2 public schools in Ontario. While the project operated within a consistent set of objectives to promote educational equity for immigrant, linguistically diverse students and their families, it generated 2 substantially different models of educational provision at each of the 2 schools: one corresponding to the enrichment approach the project envisioned and the second to a remediation strategy grounded in an institutional discourse of deficit. The problematic we elucidate here is how such diverging outcomes could have been engendered. We begin by describing the conceptual bases for the activist research agenda; we then outline the interventionist, literacy enrichment framework of the project; next, we describe how the project took shape at the 2 research sites; and, finally, our reflective turn at the conclusion of this article represents our best effort to make sense of these contradictory experienced realities.
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3. Teacher Knowledge, Curriculum Materials, and Quality of Instruction: Lessons Learned and Open Issues
Author: Hill, Heather C.; Charalambous, Charalambos Y.
Source: Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2012, 44(4): 559-576
Abstract: This paper draws on four case studies to perform a cross-case analysis investigating the unique and joint contribution of mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) and curriculum materials to instructional quality. As expected, it was found that both MKT and curriculum materials matter for instruction. The contribution of MKT was more prevalent in the richness of the mathematical language employed during instruction, the explanations offered, the avoidance of errors, and teachers' capacity to highlight key mathematical ideas and use them to weave the lesson activities. By virtue of being ambitious, the curriculum materials set the stage for engaging students in mathematical thinking and reasoning; at the same time, they amplified the demands for enactment, especially for the low-MKT teachers. The analysis also helped develop three tentative hypotheses regarding the joint contribution of MKT and the curriculum materials: when supportive "and" when followed closely, curriculum materials can lead to high-quality instruction, even for low-MKT teachers; in contrast, when unsupportive, they can lead to problematic instruction, particularly for low-MKT teachers; high-MKT teachers, on the other hand, might be able to compensate for some of the limitations of the curriculum materials and offer high-quality instruction. This paper discusses the policy implications of these findings and points to open issues warranting further investigation.
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4. Diversity and Excellence in Higher Education: Is There a Conflict?
Author: Ghosh, Ratna
Source: Comparative Education Review, 2012, 56(3): 349-365
Abstract: In her teaching, research, and community activities in Canada, the author has repeatedly confronted questions regarding equality, diversity, and power. In this article, the author discusses diversity and equal opportunity to achieve excellence in education. Reflecting on these issues should help everyone to understand the complexities involved in the phenomena of globalization and the expanded diversity associated with the expansion in higher education around the world. She argues that diversity and excellence reinforce rather than contradict one another. In the first part of this presidential address, the author proposes a definition of the problem and suggests a framework for how one can think about the issues of diversity and excellence by briefly elucidating the concepts. How can contemporary multicultural democracies devise effective equitable policies to deal with difference and build just societies? She next discusses the context of higher education and issues of diversity and excellence in knowledge creation. In the second part, she focuses briefly on Canada, the United States, and India to discuss the impact of policies of affirmative action in university admissions as a means of inclusion. Her reason for comparing Canada, the United States, and India is that in all three a common instrumentality and practice can be found despite their very different contexts and histories.
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5. Vocational Education and Training for Development: A Policy in Need of a Theory?
Author: McGrath, Simon
Source: International Journal of Educational Development, 2012, 32(5): 623-631
Abstract: The current decade has seen a significant return of interest in vocational education and training (VET) amongst the international policy community. This rise in policy and programmatic interest in VET's role in development, however, stands in contrast to the state of the academic debate. Whilst there have continued to be both policy and academic developments in VET in OECD countries; in the South there has been a paucity of VET research and little in the way of theoretical exploration. Rather, the academic orthodoxy in the international education and development field is dismissive of VET's possible contribution. Given the return of the policy interest in VET for development, and the possibilities of a broader vision of education-development relations beyond 2015, when the MDGs end, it is time to revisit the role of VET in development from an explicitly theoretical stance. In this article, I argue that the current approach to VET is grounded in an outmoded model of development, whilst the academic critique of VET in developing countries is clearly long outdated. In contrast, I examine the implications for VET of recent trends in thinking about development through the exploration of three particular theoretical approaches: human rights, capabilities and integrated human development. I conclude by considering the purposes, natures and possibilities of VET as a means of human development.
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6. Exploring How Teachers' Emotions Interact with Intercultural Texts: A Psychoanalytic Perspective
Author: Shim, Jenna Min
Source: Curriculum Inquiry, 2012, 42(4): 472-496
Abstract: A major goal of this study was to inquire into and gain an understanding of teachers' emotional responses to cultural differences by investigating how teachers handle stories with intercultural themes. The broader goal was to inquire into teachers' emotional lives that though not necessarily visible to them, nonetheless affect what they perceive as necessary factors in productive intercultural relations and multicultural education. Given such goals, the study is grounded in psychoanalytic theory (Lacan, 1949/2004). The study also employs postcolonial theory (Bhabha, 1999, 2005; Said, 1994) which attends to the dynamics of the intercultural relations and discourse of difference to complement psychoanalytic theory in the data analysis. The conclusion suggests future directions for the psychoanalysis of education of teachers in increasingly diverse societies and schools. In the final section, the author takes into account the nature of the countertransference to question the emotional life of the researcher and how in the data analysis she, too, is affected by her own emotions.
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7. The Association of State Policy Attributes with Teachers' Instructional Alignment
Author: Polikoff, Morgan S.
Source: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2012, 34(3): 278-294
Abstract: States vary greatly in their implementation of standards-based accountability under No Child Left Behind, yet little evidence is available to guide policymakers on what attributes of state policy advance more tightly aligned instruction. This study uses survey data and content analyses from the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum to describe elements of state policy that are associated with tighter alignment between teacher-reported instruction and state standards and assessments. The author reports substantial variation on policy attributes across states, with increasing use of power (rewards and sanctions) and low overall consistency between standards and assessments. Several of the policy attributes are related to instructional alignment, with the strongest fit in mathematics.
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8. Low-profile policy: the case of study support in education policy ensembles in England
Author: Mary Bailey
Source: Journal of Education Policy, 2012, 27(4): 555-572
Abstract: This paper presents the case of a relatively low-profile policy initiative that has been successively reframed as part of larger policy ensembles within UK schools over a six-year period, and translated during this time at national and school levels. The policy examined is that of study support or out-of-hours learning. The trajectory of this policy is traced as it is first launched within an educational policy ensemble around the raising achievement agenda and then re-framed as part of the then New Labour government’s major educational and social policy agenda of Every Child Matters. Drawing on interview data from head teachers and teachers, the ways in which study support policy was translated in two contrasting schools over this period is explored, highlighting different tensions with national policy and local agendas. The ‘fate’ of study support as an initiative is questioned following a change of government in the UK and in the context of global education policy developments. This analysis of the re-framing of a low-profile policy adds to our understanding of the cycles of policy ensembles and their translation by different agents in different sites over time.
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9. The 21st Century Teacher: A Cultural Perspective
Author: Robert Rueda and Jamy Stillman
Source: Journal of Teacher Education, 2012, 63(4): 245-253
Abstract: In this article, the authors focus on the disciplinary divides between multicultural, bilingual, and special education. Existing issues that inhibit closer integration of these areas are highlighted, and a focus on the issue of culture is examined. Problematic ways that this key area has been treated in the past are described, and a proposal for a cultural focus on all students is described.
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10. She’s Not There: Women and Gender as Disappearing Foci in U.S. Research on the Elementary School Teacher, 1995–Present
Author: Sally Campbell Galman and Christine A. Mallozzi
Source: Review of Educational Research, 2012, 82(3):243-295
Abstract: For this literature review, the authors asked, “What is the role of gender in research about elementary-level women teachers and preservice teachers in the past 15 years, and what have scholars learned about the gendered nature of women’s experiences in elementary-level preservice and in-service teaching in that time?” To be eligible for inclusion, works had to be published during or after 1995, study elementary preservice or practicing women educators, take place in the United States, focus on gender, and be empirical. Of the 54 articles that warranted in-depth investigation, 42 articles were excluded because teachers’ gender was subsumed under other social categories such as K–12 female students or male students and teachers. The majority of the 12 relevant articles employed small participant samples and exploratory approaches and depicted female teachers as struggling with or marginalized in the profession. A minority presented women teachers as reveling in the legacies of teaching. These findings beg for more research on women teachers’ gendered experiences.
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